Five Women Who Changed History English Literature Essay

Five adult females in history have influenced the manner adult females are seen in our society today. They are Sacagawea, Julia Boggs Dent Grant, Anne Hutchinson, Abigail Adams, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Julia Boggs Dent Grant pushed her hubby, Ulysses Grant, to go president and so became an of import advisor to him. Anne Hutchinson lived in the colonial times of America ‘s history. One of the first New England colonists to oppugn the authorization of the Puritan leaders in spiritual affairs, Anne Hutchinson prefers to follow her scruples to blind obeisance. She helped develop the construct of spiritual freedom. Abigail Adams, the married woman of John Adams, was an advocator of adult females ‘s rights and in a missive, to her hubby, wrote, â€Å" Remember the ladies. † Harriet Beecher Stowe is an writer and an emancipationist. When Lewis and Clark asked Sacagawea ‘s hubby to their translator on their journey, he agreed merely if Sacagawea was allowed to com e along. Lewis and Clark agreed because they thought her presence would talk good to the Indians they would meet during their escapade through the Wild West. Womans have existed alongside work forces for around 10,000 old ages, but work forces, in history books, have ever had the limelight on their workss, their journeys, and their lives, but adult females are the anchor of our society, now and so. Much of Sacagawea ‘s life is a enigma and is full of guess. She was born around 1788. She is the girl of a Shoshone head and is born in Lemhi County, Idaho. Around the age of 10, Hidatsa Indians, an enemy of the Shoshones, captured Sacagawea. They brought her back to their small town in upper Missouri. A Gallic Canadian trapper, named Toussaint Charbonneau, came along, purchased Sacagawea and another confined miss to be his married womans. Lewis and Clark really asked Toussaint to be their translator for their journey, but for him to travel Sacagawea would hold to come along every bit good. They agreed to that trade. Lewis and Clark hoped that Sacagawea ‘s mere presence would assist the Indians be friendlier to them. Sacagawea gave birth to her first boy on the route with her hubby, Lewis and Clark. She named him Jean Baptiste Charbonneau and Clark gave him the moniker Pomp. ( PBS ) When the group found themselves every bit far as they could travel on pes, Lewis left to h appen a Shoshone set, which he hoped to derive Equus caballuss from them. This is what Lewis wrote about the twenty-four hours they went to acquire Equus caballuss from the Shoshone set, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦We shortly drew near to the cantonment, and merely as we approached it a adult female made her manner through the crowd towards Sacajawea, and acknowledging each other, they embraced with the most tender fondness. The meeting of these two immature adult females had in it something particularly touching, non merely in the fervent mode in which their feelings were expressed, but from the existent involvement of their state of affairs. . . Clark and Lewis shortly after met with the head. . . After this the conference was to be opened, and sword lily of an chance of being able to discourse more clearly, Sacajawea was sent for ; she came into the collapsible shelter, sat down, and was get downing to construe, when in the individual of Cameahwait she recognized her brother: She immediate ly jumped up, and ran and embraced him, throwing over him her cover and crying abundantly: The head was himself moved, though non in the same grade. After some conversation between them she resumed her place, and attempted to construe for us, but her new state of affairs seemed to overmaster her, and she was often interrupted by her cryings † ( Lewis, Meriwether ) . Sacagawea, in this transition, is evidently happy to see him, but alternatively of merely traveling back to her folk, she decides to go on her journey with them. After this, it is non precisely rather clear what happened to Sacagawea. Some say she died of â€Å" putrid febrility † tardily in 1812 with her hubby in St. Louis. Others suspect that she returned to her folk and died there sometime around 1884. The stoping of Sacagawea might non be clear, but her narrative of the Wild West and will ever be remembered for old ages to come. Julia Boggs Dent Grant was born on January 26, 1826 in St. Louis, Missouri to born to â€Å" Colonel † Frederick Dent. He was a successful plantation proprietor. The female parent of Julia was Ellen Bray Wrenshall Dent. She was a really educated adult female and made certain her kids were excessively. Therefore, Julia was sent to go to the local school that was run by John F. Long. Subsequently, to be enrolled in a boarding school called the Mauro Boarding School. She went to school at that place for seven old ages and being at that place, Julia grew fond of her literature classs. She read The Dashing Lieutenant and said that she was traveling to get married a solider one twenty-four hours. She returned place in 1844 and met Ulysses Grant for the first clip when he came to see his west point roomie and her older brother. Ulysses and Julia were mesmerized by each other. They had a batch in common. For illustration, they both loved novels and were raised as rigorous Methodist ch urchs. Ulysses admired Julia ‘s sprit, and they both shared a love of Equus caballuss. This may be a great lucifer for Julia, but her male parent did non O.K. . Just before Ulysses was ordered to Louisiana, he proposed to Julia, and she said yes, of class. Her male parent did non cognize of this at all. They were eventually married on August 22, 1848. Rumors went around that Ulysses was a rummy, but Julia defended him stating, â€Å" Sam merely drunk when he was lonely for his familyaˆÂ ¦ † ( Julia Grant ) The grant household had a difficult life together and moved from topographic point to topographic point. The household eventually found their forever place in galena, Illinois. The civil war came and went. That was a difficult clip for the household, but they pushed though. Ulysses became president on March 4, 1869. Julia loved and adored being the first lady, but when she found out one twenty-four hours that the white house ‘s staff was non leting inkiness s at a response, she was non really pleased. When Ulysses left office, they traveled around the universe, and Julia found joy one time once more. They returned place and Ulysses was diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease. He died and Julia was so devastated that she could non convey herself to go to his funeral. Julia dies December 14, 1902, at the age 76. She is buried following to her hubby in the national memorial. Anne Hutchinson was a courageous adult female and was born July 20, 1595 in England. Her male parent, Reverend Francis Marbury, was a deacon at Christ church and was imprisoned for prophesying against the inutility of English curates. Anne was educated at place by reading many of her male parent ‘s divinity and faith books. Having grown up during the persecution of the Catholics and Separatists under Elizabeth and James I, Anne developed a sense of the thought of faith freedom and the thought of rights for all. 21 old ages of her life passed, and William Hutchinson oculus found Anne. Her courted her or flirted with her until they were married on August 9, 1612. She finally moved to Massachusetts Bay with her hubby and household. Anne started out, in her community at Massachusetts Bay, really liked because of her encephalon and contemplation, but shortly ran into jobs when she spoke of her spiritual positions and was seen as an vocal adult female. Interested in of import theolog ical issues, Anne begins to keep hebdomadal meetings in her place after Sunday services. The attending of these meetings grew readily and even had caught the oculus of some of the local taking citizens who started to go to every bit good. After holding established her function as the treatment leader, she revealed at the meeting her back uping position of the efficaciousness of religion entirely as the manner to redemption. Her position was contrasting to the position of the Puritans that the manner to redemption was good plants. She even told the meeting of her position that God showed himself to anyone without the demand of a clergy. A adult male named John Winthrop warned Anne about her spiritual positions. He said this to her â€Å" aˆÂ ¦women could make irreparable harm to their encephalons by chew overing deep theological mattersaˆÂ ¦ † ( John Winthrop ) This position of adult females was common in this twenty-four hours of age, but still Anne went on disregar ding John Winthrop ‘s warning. Because of Anne ‘s refusal to halt her ‘silly ‘ positions, Winthrop and John Cotton led an resistance of Anne Hutchison. Anne and her followings were charged of the antinomian unorthodoxy. Anne went before the general tribunal in 1637. The tribunal found her guilty and banished her organize the bay settlement. She moved to a settlement in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Anne Hutchison is a really of import individual in American history because without her America would ne'er hold developed the construct of spiritual freedom in the Constitution ‘s measure of rights. Indians killed Anne Hutchison at East Chester, New York in 1643. This may be a tragic stoping to such an astonishing adult female, but she will ever be remembered for her positions on freedom of faith, freedom of idea, and freedom to idolize. Abigail Smith Adams was born November 11, 1744 in Weymouth, Massachusetts to Elizabeth Quincy Smith and Reverend William Smith. Like most of the misss back so, she did non hold a formal instruction, but took advantage of her male parent ‘s library and reading the Bible. Her male parent is the curate of the North Parish Congregational Church of Weymouth. Even though most of Abigail ‘s relations were merchandisers and ship captains, she was raised in a simple, rural environment. Her instruction was home edge, where she learned how to run up, and how to work with all right needlecraft, and cookery. She learned how to read and compose, every bit good. Her deficiency of a existent instruction became a womb-to-tomb sorrow for her. She met John Adams in 1759, and they are reacquainted two old ages subsequently. They are married on October 25, 1764. They had many values and positions in common. In the 10 old ages, they were married they had four kids. The radical war spilt them a part. While John went to war for his state, Abigail and her kids tended to their farm. During this clip, Abigail sent legion letters to her hubby, relations, and friends. These letters are all of import, but one missive of hers in peculiar changed the class of history forever. In this missive, she wrote, â€Å" I long to hear that you have declared an independence — and by the manner in the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to do I desire you would retrieve the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ascendants. Do non set such limitless power into the custodies of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be autocrats if they could. If peculiar attention and attending is non paid to the Ladies we are determined to agitate a Rebellion, and will non keep ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation † ( Adams, Abigail ) . This missive states that if work forces had all of the power, they would tyran ts etc. Abigail wrote down her ideas and advocated for adult females ‘s rights because she believe she could alter how work forces saw adult females. John went into office and Abigail became the first married woman to remain in the white house with her hubby. Many old ages passed and Abigail died of enteric fever febrility and surrounded by household members she died October 28, 1818. Abigail Adams was an astonishing adult female and she fought to pattern a place for adult females in political relations. If Abigail decided non to talk her head, adult females today would ne'er hold been able to hold a place in the authorities and in political relations. As the remainder of these adult females, she will ever be remembered for old ages to come. Harriet Beecher Stowe was born on June 14, 1811, in Litchfield, Connecticut. Her parents were Lyman Beecher and Roxanna Foote Beecher. Her female parent died when Harriet was merely a kid. Harriet was enrolled in school that followed the class of classical acquisition that was normally reserved for immature work forces. When she was 21, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio. Her male parent took a strong emancipationist stance when he lived through the pro-slavery Cincinnati Riots of 1836. His position strengthened Harriet ‘s abolitionist belief and made her more strongly an emancipationist. She found like-minded friends in a local literary association called the Semi-Colon Club. One of them being a Calvin Ellis Stowe and they married on January 6, 1836. When Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, motivating hurt and hurt in emancipationist and free black communities of the North, Harriet Decided to revenge by composing a literary representation of bondage called Uncle Tom ‘s Ca bin. Her book went on to be a really celebrated book. She wrote many other books, every bit good. Afer many old ages of Writing, she dies on July 1, 1896 in Hartford, Connecticut. Womans are an of import add-on to society, now and so. They are and will ever be the anchor of our civilisation. While raising a kid, Sacagawea and her hubby helped, Lewis and Clark discover the West for the United States. She had the bravery to alternatively of returning to her folk, she wanted to go on on the journey though the Wild West with her hubby, her kid, Lewis and Clark. Julia Boggs Dent Grant pushed her hubby to go president and many adult females like to believe she is the existent ground why Ulysses Grant did what he did in his clip as president. Anne Hutchinson spoke her head and was punished for it, but she still went on and is the ground our state has freedom of faith in our Bill of Rights. Abigail Adams was a courageous adult female. She had the bravery to talk her head, as Anne Hutchison did in her clip, to recommend and pattern a function for adult females in public personal businesss. She even had the backbones plenty to direct letters to her hubby warning him wha t would go on if work forces got all the power in our state. Harriet Beecher Stowe may non hold truly advocated for adult females ‘s rights, but she was an emancipationist and a damn good one at that. These five adult females are merely some of the few adult females who did something they thought was and stuck with it. Womans like these are difficult to come of these yearss and adult females today who refuse to see their function as a soundless background will ever do history that is great plenty for the history books no affair what. All it toke from this five adult females was one belief or value they had to alter the universe how they thought it should be like. Womans have existed alongside work forces for around 10,000 old ages, but work forces, in history books, have ever had the limelight on their workss, their journeys, and their lives, but adult females are the anchor of our society, now and so.

Why Is Strategy Important to Business?

Strategy is determining where you are now, where you want to go, and how to get there. It’s the art of developing and implementing specific actions and decisions that will help a business to achieve goals and objectives as set out by the owners. Through the strategy process the overall direction of the company is set including opportunities and threats in the outside world and the internal strengths and weaknesses of the business. The aim of a business strategy is to ensure that the threats posed by the external environment are minimized and also to strengthen or minimize the effects of internal weaknesses. The opportunities and strengths are combined to ensure maximum productivity is achieved. The more the external environment changes the more opportunities there are likely for a company, but the more threats can be a problem if not prepared for. Without a business strategy, it would be difficult for an owner to realize the opportunities available. Strategic management in contrast with business policy is a technical approach having a five step model. Strategic management is a set of managerial decisions and actions that determine the long run performance of a company. Strategic management does not have to be just a part of the top level management. In fact, organizations should focus on strategic management at all levels of the management and the entire hierarchy of the company should be involved both in planning and implementation phases. Strategic management does not have to be just a part of the top level management. Organizations should focus on strategic management such that all levels of the management and the entire hierarchy of the company should be involved in both planning and implementation phases. The basic theory of strategic management involves the action of creating and implementing plans and decisions for the benefit of the organization and to help it achieve its objectives. Strategic management analyzes and scan the environment therefore future problems and opportunities could be well anticipated, allows a firm’s top management to anticipate changes and provide track and control for the enterprise, provides clear cut mission, also gives vision and objectives of enterprise to all the employees, and allows a firm to take decisions on the basis of long range forecast. Your vision must be future-oriented it has to paint a picture that attracts employees through the use of visual imagery. This is what gets people hooked into buy-ins, followership, and implementation of the plan. So it means you just have to think outside the box of today and describe the world of the future. With the current situation of the economy the fact that some business establishments have stopped their operation and closed has caused big drop in small and large corporations. Having back up plan would be the idea should the original plan does not succeed businessmen could have alternative options or backed up plans for the continuity and success of the business. Since businessmen are knowledgeable of the business processes, they know the importance of having back up plans. Without a contingency plan, and should the original plan fail, businessmen and the business could experience a lot of trouble. The Mission statement is important because it describes the reason for the existence of an organization and what it hopes to achieve. While mission statements vary from organization to organization and represent the distinctness of each one, they all share similar components. Before writing a mission statement, leaders in the organization must have an idea of what is in store for the future. This vision is the foundation for the mission statement. Most statements include descriptions of the organization's target market, the geographic domain, their concern for survival, growth and profitability, the company philosophy, and the organization's desired public image. In addition, it is a tool that conveys the goal, organizational structure and strategy, legitimacy, values, participation and ownership among employees, leadership, responsibility to the community, ethical priorities, and commitment to the public and stakeholders. The organizational decision making process involves proper and efficient implementation of strategic plans and methods to achieve desired business objective. Often one difficulty facing an organization is that multiple divisions are involved in the overall decision making process. Making a decision can have different implications for each respective division. With the businesses of today facing shortened product lifecycles, organizations are facing intense competitive pressures to build market share to stay ahead of rivals. Process changes, the introduction of new and improved disruptive technologies are forcing companies to adapt new business goals and objectives in shortened timeframes, this alone places stresses on all organization. References Karger (1991). Strategic Management: The Key to Corporate Success Pearce II, J.A., & Robinson, Jr., R.B. (2008). Strategic management. (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Mission and Vision Statements http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Mission-and-Vision-Statements.html#ixzz1LGZLzvbI

The Law of Intention

The law of intention, following the cases of Woollin [1999] 1 AC 82 and Matthews [2003] 3 Cr App R 30, is now satisfactorily defined in the criminal law. Intention, normally means desire to aim at something. However, in criminal law, mens rea known as ‘guilty mine’, it requires two distinguishable intentions which are direct intention as well as oblique intention, and apart from, also recklessness. Direct intention means the consequences of the action is desired specifically, just like murder. Defendant is purposed to achieve the death or the grievous bodily harm (GBH) of the victim R v Mohan [1975].Oblique intention also known as foresight intent, means the consequence which the defendant is not desired, however, it is going to happen when he goes ahead with his acts (Law teacher, 2012). An unsurprising side-effect would result when defendant is achieving some other consequences R V Nedrick [1986]. Under these situations, the court will remind the jury to consider how p robable the consequence was foreseen by the defendant. Generally, recklessness means to take an unjustified risk. It covers the case of harm such as manslaughter or criminal damage.Objective and subjective test will be applied respectively in different cases. In other words, intention could be the worst culpability in mens rea. Follow up would be the recklessness. In the case of R v Woollin [1999], the defendant loose temper with his three-month-old son, and picked the baby up and thrown him to a hard surface. The baby’s skull was fractured and dead afterwards. The defendant was convicted for murder, however, the court quashed and convicted of manslaughter substituted. In this case, the court of appeal upheld that there was a substantial risk, which the child could suffer from serious bodily harm.Substantial risk means the act of the defendant made a strong and significant cause to the death of the victim. The judge directed the jury that the consequence of the act is foresee able by throwing the child to a hard surface. However, the defendant appealed that ‘the court of appeal had widen the definition of murder and should have referred to virtual certainty instead of the jury must find the intention’ (e-lawresources, n. d. ). The appeal was rejected. Virtual certainty is defined as ‘the result will occur unless something completely unexpected occurs’ (Herring, 2012 p. 41). The House of Lord held that the jury is not entitled to infer the intention but only if the defendant realized and the death or the grievous bodily harm was a virtually certain result. Therefore, the appeal allowed in House of Lord and the conviction of manslaughter substituted. Parliament stated clearly that when defendant could foresee the death would be the result of the act did not represent that the defendant intended for murder R v Moloney [1985]. By following this case, the oblique intention can be said to being satisfactorily defined in the criminal l aw.In the case of R v Matthews and Alleyne [2003], the victim was thrown to the river after robbing by the defendants. Before being thrown into the river, the victim had stated that he was not able to swim as he lost his glasses in the attack. However, the defendants ignored what the victim’s said and thrown him to river and watching him drown. Two of them are convicted of murder. As similar as the Woollin case, the judge had directed the jury that to consider whether the consequence of act was foreseeable in order to find out the intention to kill.The court upheld that finding of intent would be ‘irresistible’ (Herring, 2012 p. 141). Defendants appealed against their conviction. However, the Court of Appeal affirmed the conviction. In English law, there is no strict definition on intention is, also there is no direct link between the foresight of consequence and intention. Foresight of consequence must not be an intention. It is clear that jury was not entitled to infer intention unless the death or the serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty.Obviously, in the above case, the result which may not be the defendants’ aim at, that is the death of the victim, may not be the defendants’ final willingness. The result may not be the virtually certain result of their actions. Moreover, the defendants even did not realize that the result was not a virtually certain result of their actions, and therefore, they did not intent the result. That is, this case would be another example to explain oblique intention can be said to being satisfactorily defined in the criminal law.Apart from those examples of oblique intention, the law of intention has also satisfactorily defined in the case of DPP v Smith [1960]. The defendant was asked to drop off from the car after stolen goods. However, he refused to do it and the police jumped onto the bonnet of the car. Defendant drove with high speed in order to get the police off. He swerving from si de to side and until the police was thrown and killed. Defendant was convicted of murder (e-lawresources, n. d. ). The court held it was clear that he had intent to cause serious bodily harm or even intent to kill.The judge directed the jury that if they are satisfied that GBH or the death of the victim would be the result in the consequence of his act. Therefore, the jury convicted him of murder. The defendant appealed against the conviction with the reason that ‘subjective test’ should apply. However, the House of Lord affirmed the conviction and held that the objective test was applicable. Generally, if the result of defendant’s act is virtually certain which can cause grievous bodily harm or death, the jury is entitle to find that he intended the result.The verdict would be guilty of murder or manslaughter, depends on different circumstances. In English Law, there is no strict definition in explaining what intention is. Intention can be distinguish in two asp ects, which are direct intention and oblique intention. As mentioned before, both intentions are desire to aim at something. The main difference between them could be unsurprising side-effect would result in the oblique intention. Depends on different circumstance, the judge would convict different level of penalty.In general cases, the jury are not entitled to infer the intention of the defendants, however, apart from two situations, firstly, the result was a virtually certain result of the defendant’s acts, secondly, the defendant must realize that the result was a virtually certain result of the his act. Otherwise, the jury is not entitled to infer the intention of the defendant. Therefore, the case of R v Woollin and R v Matthews and Alleyne [2003] had clearly explained the law of intention in the criminal law. Table of casesDPP v Smith [1960] R v Matthews and Alleyne [2003] R v Mohan [1975] R v Moloney R V Nedrick [1986]. R v Woollin [1999] Reference Law teacher. (2012). Men's Rea Lecture-Intention. Retrieved 4 Nov, 2012, from: http://www. lawteacher. net/criminal-law/lecture-notes/mens-rea-lecture. php E Lawresources. (n. d. ). R v Woollin. Retrieved 4 Nov, 2012, from: http://e-lawresources. co. uk/R-v-Woollin. php E Lawresources. (n. d. ). R v Matthews and Alleyne. Retrieved 4 Nov, 2012, from: http://www. e-lawresources. co. uk/DPP-v-Smith. php

Interpretive Paper on the Bayon Temple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Interpretive Paper on the Bayon Temple - Essay Example At the centre of the walled city is the Bayon Temple, representing the intersection of heaven and earth. The Bayon Temple is renowned for its immense stone faces of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara also known as Lokesvara; every stone face looks outwards and keeps watch over each cardinal direction. The calmly smiling image is believed to represent King Jayavarman himself (DumarCay et al, 2001) . Additionally, there are fifty-one smaller towers surrounding Bayon, each with four faces of its own. The long walls surrounding the Bayon Temple bear a unique collection of bas-relief scenes of legendary and historical events (DumarCay et al, 2001). Over 11,000 carved figures are wrought on the 1.2 km of wall, their paint now faded The Bayon Temple consisted of three plans, for the three levels of the monument. The fourth state of construction pertained to the building of passages linking the galleries at the first and second levels (DumarCay et al, 2001). The purpose of this paper is to inte rpret the architecture of the Bayon Temple of Angkor Thom in Cambodia. The relationship of its elements, shape, and design to the temple’s socio-cultural context will be examined. ... The central ‘mountain’ was a Buddhist sanctuary containing a large image of the Buddha Amitabha, while the four faces of Bodhisatva Lokesvara, ‘the Lord of the World’ embellished its numerous towers (Figs. 2 and 3) (Eisenstadt, 1971). There is a gate in the middle of each of the four sides marking the limits of the city, and a fifth gate on the East leads to the entrance of the royal palace. Similar to the central Bayon Temple, and the other towers within the walled city of Angkor, the towers above the gates are also crowned with the four-fold faces of Lokesvara. Thus, the smaller world of the city, and that of the whole Khmer empire were put under the protection of the ‘Lord of the Universe’ (Eisenstadt, 1971). The cosmic meaning of the city was further accentuated by the balustrades of the causeways leading over the moat to the city gates. They were made up of rows of giant stone figures representing gods and demons, holding a massive seven-he aded serpent (Figs.4, 5, and 6) (Eisenstadt, 1971). By these structural components and adornments, the entire city represented the â€Å"churning of the primeval milk ocean by gods and demons, when they used the serpent king as a rope and Mount Meru as churning stick† (Eisenstadt, 1971, p.171). Thus, the moat around the walled city of Angkor Thom symbolized the ocean, while the Bayon Temple at the centre of the city which formed the converging point for all the lines of churning gods and demons, represented Mount Meru itself. This is portrayed in Figs. 4, 5 and 6. According to DumarCay et al (2001), in the architectural history of ancient Cambodia, the Bapuon was the last temple mountain constructed in compliance with the cult of

How to implement a dual language program in an already established Dissertation

How to implement a dual language program in an already established elementary school - Dissertation Example From this research it is clear that language is one of the most important skills a person can have; it is a comprehensive and powerful human ability. It is a means of communication; a system through which people express themselves, think, act collaboratively and above all language is also a means to record events. In short, language is a skill that is as important and as natural as breathing. Pinker has aptly described language as â€Å"quintessentially human†. A person however is not born speaking a language; it is learned and the learning process starts at the time of birth. In light of the work done by linguist Noam Chomsky, Mason states language to be a â€Å"specific skill†. Elaborating on Chomsky’s description of language as an inherent faculty, Mason in his lecture â€Å"Learning Language† said that man was born with a set of rules related to language in his head and he called these set of rules â€Å"Universal Grammar†. Children show a natur al tendency towards language acquisition. Language acquisition occurs through the numerous experiences of everyday life. Acquiring language without any systematic effort is called first language acquisition. Language acquisition takes place during conversation; when adults talk, children respond and thus grasp the basics of a language being spoken. The pattern of interaction between parents and children may differ with cultures but the rate at which the children develop as language users remains the same throughout the world. (Clark, 2000). Children learn the language they are exposed to (Linguistics 201: First language acquisition, undated). Every child learns the first language without the need of any formal lessons (Pinker, 1995). Clark has described language acquisition among children as a part of the overall physical, social and cognitive development of a child. In Clark’s opinion, children between ages 2 and 6 can rapidly acquire a language and mostly by the time they t urn 6, they are proficient language users. Although a lot has been said and written about the development of language in a child, a great deal remains to be explored. The language of a child is a constantly developing process which undergoes many changes. The children seem to acquire the first language quickly, early and with few mistakes. A child’s experience with language and his interaction with others teach him the sound-meaning relationship and help him comprehend the purpose it represents. Although, the rate at which children acquire first language skills may differ, there is little difference in the pattern of development between the languages (August and Shanahan, 2011, p. 357). According to Clark children acquire communicative competency naturally and inherently, and then develop an understanding of the grammatical rules of the language. The structure of the language develops with thinking abilities and social interactions of the child. As the language skills develop , children become conscious of the social situations around them and learn to think and behave accordingly. Second Language Acquisition Stephen Krashen a well known linguist identified the difference between learning and acquisition (Luria et al, 2005, p. 8). In his theory of the second language acquisition, Krashen defined acquisition as a subconscious and instinctive process of constructing the structure of a language quite similar to the way a child picks up his first language (Macaro, 2010, p. 5). Learning on the other hand, is a conscious process based on formal instruction and involves conscious learning of a language. Krashen has described learning as â€Å"less important than acquisition† (Schutz, 2007). Second language acquisition is the learning of another language once the first language has been established. The concept of acquiring proficiency in another language is not new; for centuries, man has found the idea of bilingualism/ multilingualism quite fascinating

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon Essay

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon - Essay Example The life of Christopher, a boy who has a problem with understanding logic due to a health condition has been used to express the life of many other people who might be suffering from various issues in life. It shows that people are prone to various conditions, which eventually lead them to various destinations. Christopher’s mind-set is logical and scientific in that he sees life as a puzzle that can be circumnavigate through logic and calculated decisions. As a result of this, he fails to comprehend certain simplicities that seen reasonable to other human beings. As a student, and from a stable parental background, I feel the pain that goes within Christopher’s mind when he cannot understand how a dog is stone dead (Haddon, Ch 1). This is after he discovered Wellington’s dead corpse in the owner’s lawn. This point leads back to the medical condition that is affecting him. He cannot just understand simple issues until they are explicitly explained to him. Comparing this to other individuals like myself, I feel that people should not take all things for granted, and should appreciate whatever little or much one can have freely in life. Christopher did not choose the condition and neither did he choose to live with a single parent, even when the other parent was alive. Personally, I did not have control over my current situation but am just lucky to be the way I am. In the quest of finding out Wellington’s murderer, Christopher unveils various twists and turns in his parents’ life, including his mother’s whereabouts. For a child his age, I consider this a painful experience that even makes him pass out. Reflecting the events, as they unfolded upon my life, I consider life as cruel to underserving individuals, a reason to make me appreciate whichever circumstances I pass through. I have grown knowing my two parents, and would consider my upkeep as brilliant. This cannot be taken as mere luck but as matter

Textual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Textual Analysis - Essay Example However, Stone would be the first to insist the film is not a documentary. There are several places in the historical record that are unclear or that Stone obviously had a difficult time believing, which he has filled with conjecture, hearsay and sometimes flimsy evidence. Several key characters portrayed in the story never actually existed either, but Stone created them out of composite elements of a number of people who were a part of the historic record. By doing this, he also opens the film up for an exploration of a number of the major conspiracy theories regarding the assassination including examining time lines, actions, events and connections between characters. The consistent build up of evidentiary material creates a sense of sustained suspense that has qualified the film for placement in the political horror genre in some circles, especially when one considers the opening sequence in more detail. Despite his insistence that the film is not an attempt to portray a historica lly factual documentary regarding Kennedy's assassination in Dallas, Stone employs several real-life players in the film to help depict his version of events. The most prominent character is the assassinated President himself as he appears in this opening montage sequence. By refusing to recast the president, Stone proves his talent working with limited available footage. He also immediately injects a sense of reality into the story because everyone knows the former President was killed on that day and therefore could not have been available to shoot the new scenes Stone might have wanted in the film. The most impactful video clip used in this montage is the significant portion of the Zapruder film in which President Kennedy goes from being a happy smiling President waving to the crowds through the horrifying few seconds it takes for him to be fatally wounded. With this film, Stone immediately creates a somber mood of reflection as audiences realize this is the actual event and not a staged recreation. The events seen in that small, grainy film, which Stone did nothing significant to improve, actually happened in real life and changed the course of a nation. As the open-topped limousine speeds off toward the hospital, the audience is aware that the President is already dead. The video montage of the first section of the film establishes its link with reality through its almost exclusive use of actual news footage taken of the President and his family throughout his term in office and family footage that has become a part of the national archives. Other footage provides other important information about events of the time such as Eisenhower’s farewell address to the nation, Kennedy’s narrow margin of victory in winning the election, details of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam situation. Mixed with this authentic footage are several created scenes such as the footage of Jerry Belknap. Within the later body of the film, Belknap is said to h ave been an unidentified man who suffered an epileptic seizure moments before the shooting and drew away some of the attention of the security officers on duty that day. These scenes are integrated so smoothly that they seem to be as authentic as the news footage scenes that have been shown to this point. When it

Rape Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rape Culture - Essay Example This paper will look into the case of rape culture and try to find out how women have been denied justice against rapists in the society. It will try to show how rapists have been defended by the media and justice institutions. The descriptions of rape culture and the injustices against women in the society will be based on a movie called ‘The Accused’ which was released in the year 1988. Rape culture will always blame the victims of rape. The media and justice institutions will look at rape in a way that blames the victim to suggest that the victims were the cause of the happening of this act. In the movie, Sarah Tobias, the victim of a gang rape by three men, is accused by the defendant of being drunk during the night of the rape. He says that she was provocatively dressed and seduced one of the rapists. Her history of flirting with men is brought to this case to accuse her blame her behavior. It is with these accusations of Sarah’s clothing and her past history of flirting with men that the defendant uses to blame Sarah Tobias who is the central character in the movie. This shows how rape culture always tries to find as little as it can, small loop holes to blame the victim. The talks of how Sarah was raped in a crowded bar by three men. The three men raped her in turns and repeatedly on a pinball machine. As one was holding her pinning her down, the other continuously raped her. All this time a crowd of men were in the bar did not stop the three men from raping Sarah. Instead they went on to cheer these men to rape Sarah. She is taken to the hospital and meets her attorney who is the prosecutor of the case. The movie has its main setting in a court room. Although Sarah is continuously raped, even her attorney reluctantly defends her because of her history and how she was provocatively dressed. Rape culture always has a way to make the victims

Cybercrime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cybercrime - Research Paper Example One of the best investigative techniques to deal with this issue is to bait the cybercriminals. It is also useful to spy on their forums and lure them out of the shadow. In reality, they are among the most elusive form of criminal. The truth is people must be very careful to protect their passwords and their personal information. It is not a good idea to put your birthday on your Facebook account, for example, as this information may be used in some circumstances to access banking and other private records. Do not talk to strangers online if you are underage, as well, as they may be predators. Part of the problem with the Internet is its anonymity. It is hard to track down cybercriminals and they know it. The bank robbers of the future will not wear masks and carry guns, they will be the people who sit at their computer and hack into the bank. We must develop better investigative techniques to deal with

The educational system Essay Example for Free

The educational system Essay The educational system of the United States has undergone several reforms that coincide with the political perspective at that time (Hochschild Scovronick, 2003). Consequently, the drastic reforms often left the schools confused. One thing that educational reforms all share is the reliance on state or standardized tests. These achievement tests have been used to measure the performance of schools and statistics had been used to prove whether a school was performing within the standards set by the state. Test scores have been shown to be reliable indicators of learning competencies if the tests match the curriculum of the schools and this is a challenge for there are different schools in the country that follows different approaches to teaching and learning philosophies (Hochschild Scovronick, 2003). The state however requires that all schools should follow state mandated minimum learning competencies across all levels. The diversity of the cultural backgrounds of students in our schools is a fact and one that has been emphasized by educators as a limitation to testing, however, test developers had responded to this issue by improving their norming population and to revise test items that were found to be culturally biased. Thus, they argue that test scores is indeed an objective measure of academic performance. Studies on test performance and academic performance have tried to establish that there is a positive relationship between the two; when test scores are high, academic grades also is high (Goodwin Leech, 2003). Therefore, a school that has high test scores is performing well. An interesting research question in this respect is to determine whether schools that have high test scores indeed are better schools. This is an important research question because so much depends on standardized tests and it is only right that it should be an objective and valid measure of the school’s performance. This can be measured by taking the academic grades of the school and correlating it with the specific subtests scores in the state-wide standardized tests, the hypothesis is that this schools would have high positive correlation between subject grades and subtest scores. What is being established by this research question is whether subject grades also reflect the same scores in the subtests; it is a fact that test scores and performance rates are computed based on the overall test score and even researches use the general academic average to correlate it with the overall test score. Correlation only tests relationships and associations, it does not attribute causation, thus one cannot say that higher academic grades causes higher test scores or vice versa, but it has been assumed that it does. Correlation however is the best tool to use in this situation since test scores and academic grades have a linear relationship and are a normal distribution (Triola, 2004). The results of the inquiry would establish the association between test scores and academic grades for every subject area tested. This would give us a better indicator of performance rather than just using the over-all scores and general average wherein values get lost in the averaging process. Moreover, tests of correlation can determine the direction of the relationship and the effect size (Triola, 2004). On the other hand, correlation can be used to misrepresent the results by attributing causality to the either one of the variables (Triola, 2004). Also, most reports do not cite the correlation coefficient nor the effect size, but merely says that well-performing schools have higher test scores without even discussing how schools are identified as well-performing or not, it is also assumed that high test scores is synonymous to better schools. When it is statistically possible to increase test score performance ratings by practices such as teaching to the test, choosing only the best students to take the test, or to limit the number of slow learners taking the test or even to just use the average of all the scores in every level to determine test performance ratings (Goodwin Leech, 2003). References Hochschild, J. Scovronick, N. (2003).The American Dream and the Public Schools. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Goodwin, L. Leech, N. (2003). The meaning of validity in the new Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing: Implications for measurement courses. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 36;3, 181-91. Triola, M. (2004). Elementary Statistics 9th ed. New York: Pearson-Addison Wesley Press.

Personal philosophy of leadership

Personal philosophy of leadership Leadership Leadership is the ability of one to guide others; it is based on ones abilities and qualities rather than skills. One is born with these inherent qualities and naturally leads others; these qualities are such as honesty, courage, confidence, determination and wisdom among others. A leader is different from a manager, while a leader is born with the qualities a manger is created from skills he acquires. The leader can become a manger while a manger is not necessarily a leader. The leader is seen as a person in charge they are consulted for they ability to make decisions and guide the course of events. While this may be true the leader is also a servant, a good leaders purpose is to serve those who he has been bestowed upon the responsibility of guiding. This may seem absurd but looking at leadership from a critical point of view one is able to understand the huge responsibility on their shoulders as they are often looked upon. The position of leadership is either bestowed upon them or it comes naturally, when a faced by a certain decision a leader in a group will emerge without being appointed. Leadership is then called upon to be based on ethics. The reason for this is that leadership in todays world is under constant scrutiny, everyone is watching the actions of the leader they make comments and pass judgment. The leadership position is no longer a revered position, it is one thought respected is not exempted from the societys scrutiny. A good leader is one who involves those he leads in the every decision making and activities of this group. The leadership role should also elevate the followers to a higher and better position. Leadership is meant improve the individuals, a leader that leads those he leads into destruction or ruin is not an ethical leader. Ethically there are accepted behavioral aspects that are expected of a leader, the leader is not supposed to abuse the powers bestowed to him. They should not betray the trust and loyalty empowered to them by others, they are supposed to be consistent, should not hoard privileges and more so they should accept responsibility. These are the ethical aspects of leadership expected by the society. Personal Leadership Competence Leadership theories have been in use to help describe leadership. The transformational leadership theory is based upon the ethical approach, where both the leader and followers are engaged in a combined effort to raise each other. Transformational leaders raise the standards by being good examples to their followers. The process or transactional leader whose concern the creation of structures that he expects the followers to adhere to, of they do he rewards them. The transformational leader promotes social values and encourages his followers. Leadership development is not only restricted to mangers and leaders but can be useful to employees who are seeking to further their skills in leadership. In order for one to effectively develop their leadership skills, they need to develop a plan. This is guided by leadership competence skills. The first step to achieving a personal leadership plan is the identification of goals. In order for me to achieve a healthcare leadership competence in the 21st century, the first step is to complete the master program in health informatics. This training is meant to give me skills in the information sector that are necessary in the field of health. The use and application of computers, information technology in the healthcare sector necessitates the learning of health informatics. This will be acquired in the process of training and work experience as a nurse. Then I must access proficiency. The next step in my leadership development plan is the identification of learning experiences. As a nurse i need to develop a learning contract with my immediate supervisor. This step is necessary as it gives me hands on experience and learning opportunities in the work environment. The supervisor is there to give guidance, work experiences and a guide in the learning process in the work place. This interaction also assists one in the acquiring of leadership skills especially when a supervisor assigns one an assignment. In the learning process I should get a mentor in the field of nursing. This mentor is an authority in the area in which I am interested in. the purposes of mentors are to assist the learner in the learning process, they are both friends and leaders to the leaner. A mentor should be able to assist the learner in their quest for knowledge, give those resources, and practical experience as well as the exposure they require. During this learning process, to acquire the necessary leadership skills, as a potential nursing director, I should engage in some cross training program. The purpose of which is to acquire theoretical knowledge in the field of interest. Programs such as these may involve workshops, or seminars organized in the work place. Volunteering for duty is one other sure way of accruing leadership skills. Grabbing the opportunity to fill in the position of a supervisor or staff that is away will expose one to the daily responsibilities. It is during these instances that one is well aware of their qualities as a leader, their shortcomings and strengths because this opportunities offer one the chance to exercise their knowledge. Filling in the position of a senior nurse even for one day is a fulfilling exercise; it even exposes one to the management. An important learning practice is that of joining outside professional organizations. Either as a trainee, a part time worker or a volunteer the purpose again is learning, getting a feel of the leadership skill outside your workplace, gaining insights into how other organizations work. While learning can be obtained within the organizations workshops and training programs, but it is also good to obtain certifications from other institutions of learning in the medical field. Short courses offered add value to an individual as well as training in the relevant field. With todays ever changing market, institutions of higher learning are developing short courses to training professionals. A nurse can find these courses useful if they intend to further their career. These courses are also flexible in terms of time, evening, weekends holidays or even online and correspondence. It is important to try out online self test programs; these are meant to provide an individual with an opportunity to self evaluate themselves. Apart from these online programs ,there are books and tapes available on the self test. Upon completion of the learning experiences it is necessary to have a developmental plan. This plan should detail the duration of time, specific objectives and goals to be achieved. The developmental plan should entail the learning experiences. The mentor, the short courses one intends to attend. Organizations that one is attending should incorporate self test, this show also state the results of the test. The strengths and weaknesses of the individual, s a nurse the developmental plan should have the short and long term goals. The plan of completing health informatics course, the steps intended to achieve skills in order to be a nurse director. Strategic planning should be involved in the developmental planning stage; this involves the vision statement of the person. The vision here is to a nurse director; basically the vision is based on the long term goals. Strategic planning also consists of the mission, a personal mission details the specific objectives and how they plan to achieve them. By completing a course in informatics health and developing plans to achieve leadership training I am well on the way of becoming a nurse director. After planning, it is important to complete the learning experiences. These experiences were set in the time frame of the development plan. As one attains the learning experiences it is important to assess the progress. Assessment can be carried out during the experience or on completion of the experience. Continual assessment is advised since one can put checks in place as they undergo the learning process. Continuous assessment is supposed to assist in making sure that the goals are being fulfilled. It is during this assessment periods that one can incorporate short term goals in the master plan. The short term goals are like check makers in a plan, having achieved a certain short term goal one is then able to move to the next learning activity. Plans also change during these continuous assessments, this is in a case where it is found that the plan was not achieving the long term objective. Apart from continuous assessments one can carry out an assessment at the end of the exercise . This is at the end of the program, this is meant to evaluate the success of the program, and whether on e was able to achieve the goals set out. If this was not done then one goes back to the first step and identify new goals. The assessment should clearly give a guide where a step went wrong. In summary a leader is the decisive factor in the organization and society at large. Leadership should be based on ones abilities and qualities rather than skills. One is born with these inherent qualities and naturally leads others; these qualities are such as honesty, courage, confidence, determination and wisdom among others. A leader should be very different from a manager, while a leader is born with the qualities a manger is created from skills he acquires. The leader can become a manger while a manger is not necessarily a leader. The leader is seen as a person in charge they are consulted for they ability to make decisions and guide the course of events. While this may be true the leader is also a servant, a good leaders purpose is to serve those who he has been bestowed upon the responsibility of guiding. The development of an individual to a leader should be based on self motivation. By attaining leadership skills one should be able to effectively mange and his peers. Person al leadership skills are meant for self improvement, they assist one in the workplace and his career objectives. Work cited Cromwell, S. and Kolb, J, An examination of work-environment support factors affecting transfer of supervisory skills training to the work place. Human Resource Development Quarterly,2004 Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 449-71. Carter, N. Leadership Development Planning. Retrieved 1st May 2010, http://managementhelp.org/ldr_dev/ldr_dev.htm Baldwin, T. and Ford, K. (1988), Transfer Of Training: A Review And Directions For Future Research.Personnel Psychology, Spring, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p63-105 Brinkmann, T. How to Create a Personal Leadership Development Plan. 2007 Retrieved May 1, 2010, fromhttp://ezinearticles.com/?How- to- Create- a- Personal- Leadership- Development- Planid=803557 Kendra, C.Leadership Theories 8 Major LeadershipTheories retrieved 1st May 2010, http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm NSS. Scotland. Delivery Through Leadership: Leadership Development Plan. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh 2005 Stephen, R., Bruce, M. and Terry, W.M., Organizational Behavior. Published by Prentice Hall, 4th ed.

Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date?

Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date? The ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashioned and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation today. Is this really the case? Consider the above statement through a critical examination of practices which can be identified in work today. In your analysis, you should draw upon appropriate academic material, and also other sources which can help in identifying current practices. These can include your own experiences from work, those of family relatives and friends, weblogs, working life diaries, newspaper articles and other media reports. Classical Management Theory is a Body of  management  thought based on the belief that  employees  have only  economical  and physical  needs, and that social needs and need for  job-satisfaction  either dont exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school  advocates  high  specialization of labor, centralized  decision making, and  profit maximization. (www.businessdictionary.com) To have originated at the end of the nineteenth century and in the beginning of the twentieth century, the Classical Management Theory dominated management thinking in the 1920s and 1930s by emphasising on the efficiency of the work process. Classical Management Theory has three schools of thought, Scientific Management, which identifies the best way to do a line of work; Bureaucratic Management, which focuses on rules and procedure, hierarchy and clear division of labour; and Administrative Management, which emphasises the flow of information within the organisation. (www.le hren.org) The aim of this essay is to discuss the three schools of thought of Classical Management Theory and to find out that whether they have really become outdated and are of little relevance to work and organisation in todays world. Frederick Taylor is known as the begetter of Scientific Management. Taylors approach was to increase organisational productiveness by raising the efficiency level of the production process through emphasising on the empirical research. Especially in the United States where labour was in short supply, especially the skilled labour, at the start of the twentieth century and the only way of increasing productivity was by raising the efficiency of the workers. Scientific Management states that the line of work should be designed in such a way that every worker has a well-controlled and well-stipulated task, and specific methods and procedures are strictly followed for each job. (www.lehren.org; Cole, 2004) Taylors management theory is founded upon a fundamental belief that managers not only are intellectually better than an average employee, but they have a positive duty as well to oversee staff and to organise their work activities. Therefore, his theory was only used on low-level repet itive and routine tasks which could be easily managed at supervisory level. Taylor developed four principles for his theory of Scientific Management. First principle is to scientifically develop best methodology to perform each task. Second principle is that managers should make sure that the best person is picked to perform the task and to make sure that he/she gets the best training. Third principle is that managers are responsible for assuring that the best person selected for the job does it by applying the best methodology. Last principle Taylor developed was that total responsibility for the work method should be removed from the worker and should be passed on to the management, and the employee is only responsible for the actual work performance. (Cole, 2004; Boddy, 2005) On production-line time studies Taylor has based his management system. Taylor contrived the best and quickest methods of performing each component by breaking down each job into its components and applying time study as his base. He also tried to persuade employers to pay a higher rate to more productive workers. In the early parts of twentieth century Scientific Management Theory became very popular as its use was shown to lead to improvements in productivity and efficiency in organisations and businesses. Max Weber is known as the father of Modern Sociology. He had first used the term bureaucracy to describe an organisational form which in his view was superior to others. He viewed an ideal organisation to be bureaucratic whose divisions of labour were clearly expressed and whose objectives and activities were rationally thought. He believed that performance evaluation should entirely be made on the basis of merit and that technical competence should be emphasized on. The key elements of a bureaucracy are defined by Weber as: A clear chain of command within a well-defined hierarchy where the top post holders have the authority and the right to control the lower post holders; Specialisation of skills and clear division of labour, where every employee will have the authority and essential expertise to finish a particular task; In writing, accurate and complete rules and regulations, to control and govern all decisions, activities and situations; Distant relationships between employees a nd managers, with clear duties of personnel and statements of the rights; And all the decisions regarding selection, recruitment and promotion will be made on the basis of technical competence. The framework Weber provided for his theory of Bureaucratic Management advanced the formation of many huge corporations such as Ford. (www.lehren.org; Stoner et al, 1996) Henri Fayol a French industrialist was one of the most influential management thinkers who developed one of the Classical Management Theory known as Administrative Management. Scientific Management theory was concerned with increasing the productiveness of the shop floor while Fayols theory grew out of the need to find guidelines to manage complex organisations like factories. An early effort pioneered by Fayol was to identify the skills and principles that underlie effective management. According to Cole (2004), Fayol believed that sound management falls into certain patterns which once identified can be analysed, so he focused on management of business operations, which he felt had been the most neglected. He developed fourteen general principles of management based on his management experience. It was generally believed that mangers are born not made, before Fayol. He insisted that management was a skill like other skills which could be taught and learned once the principles under lying it were understood. The ideas Classical Theorists have presented still have many applications in the management of todays organisations but with some modifications. Managers of today are facing many internal challenges which are similar to the ones faced by the managers during earlier periods. Like Taylors concern for increase productivity of workers is still shared by managers. The Scientific Management theory is still relevant, even today but it is not as popular as it was in the past. The job design it presented is still widely used in industries today and has made most of the industrial work repetitive, tedious, menial and depressing, and can be noted for example in fast-food restaurants like KFC and McDonald and in assembly lines of automobile manufacturers. McDonalds divides its operation into a number of tasks such as operating a deep fryer or cooking operation, supervising and assign people to perform the tasks. The modern mass automobile assembly lines pour out finished merchandises faster than Taylor could have ever thought off or imagined. In addition to this, the efficiency techniques of Scientific Management are used in the training of Surgeons. Armies in the past employed the Scientific Management theory and armies of today still employ the same theory. Of the main points listed select workers with appropriate or necessary skills for each job, a standard method to perform each task, training for standard task, eliminating interruptions and wage incentive for increasing output and planning work all but wage incentives are used by modern military for increased output. Wage incentives usually appear in the form of skill bonuses in armies. Furthermore, industrial engineers of today are also taught Scientific Management methods which include job-tasks analysis, time and motion studies and detailed production planning regarding the field of operation research and management. In United States Bureaucratic Management is still used by service-based organisations like libraries. Libraries of Wichita State University are one concrete example where Webers Bureaucratic Management ideas are still applied. Postal service in United States is also still using bureaucracy. (www.biz.colostate.edu) Piece rate and mass production line systems are still being used in the manufacturing and garment industries of Mauritius. Sea-food hub is another industry where the Classical Management Theories are also applied. But since the emergence and formulation of the Classical Management Theories in the nineteenth century the economic landscape has rapidly changed. Businesses of today do not exist in a vacuum. They have become open systems with dynamic and constant interaction with the environment. Business environment of today is highly competitive and global, and managers of today are increasingly becoming aware of the business environment and its effects. There are two types of business environment known as the internal and the external environment. Factors that can be relatively controlled by the organisation relates to the internal environment. These factors are the employees, owners, customers, suppliers, pressure groups and authorities. The external environment constitutes of Political, Economical, Social and Technological (PEST) factors that cannot be controlled by the organisation. (Boddy, 2005) Business environment of today is characterised with uncertainty, changes and innovation. At the same time concern about the natural environment has also emerged worldwide. Current natural concerns are climate changes, pollution, ozone depletion and other global issues like population and food security. It is becoming more challenging because of the commotion in the financial sector and global economic slowdown. Businesses must adapt to the environment at all cost or die. As McDonalds have concluded managers of today have to be concerned not only with the scientific facts but with the environment and the public perception. The business environment in todays world is becoming exceedingly competitive and tough for organisations. The level of competition in almost every sector is intensifying. New opportunities and threats are being created constantly due to the changes in technology. Every aspect of the business environment is sweeping with rapid change and prompting the managers to rethink the ways in which they do things. Smart companies are those which are working hard to improve their productivity, efficiency, testing new initiatives and adapting to the changing environment and technology in order to differentiate themselves from the competitors existing in these highly competitive business environments. The command and control style of management which was presented in the Classical Management Theories will work in an environment where there is plenty of room for error and both competition and change is limited, but in todays age of communication and computing it is impossible for such a case to exist. Things are changing very quickly in todays business environment and profit margins for organisations are reducing, and in addition to this more and more things are happening on a continuous basis. So due to the rapid pace at which changes are occurring, it has become important for organisations to push down decision-making to the level in the organisation that has all of the relevant information at the time when a decision has to be made. This calls for quiet different management attitudes, and demands for a flexible and democratic point of view and that accountability must be delegated, but all these things are not present in the Classical Management Theories. So for organisations to compete successfully with other organisations at national and international level, managers must act as entrepreneurs and try to create new business models that is to re-plan, strategize, rethink, learn continuously and innovate. The most important source for businesses to gain competitive advantage and sustainable development is innovation and innovative management. The theories presented by the classical theorists cannot cope with the dramatic and rapid changes of the business environment. Every procedure, standard ratio, process and rule of thumb is being challenged and re-engineered. Classical Management Theories which once were reliable guides for managers now are not enough for mangers to base their decisions and take actions upon them. So to conclude, organisations today are mostly influenced by the external environment (continuous technology change, globalisation, fierce market share competition, hiring and retaining front line workers and executives) that often fluctuate with time. Yet Classical Management Theories only portrays the image of an organisation that is not shaped by the external influences. In todays world of Classical Management Theories are gradually fading and the principal reason behind this is that people and their needs are considered as secondary to the needs of an organisation by Classical theorists. Nowadays, Human Resource Management has also very seriously challenged the scientific approach. Furthermore, in organisations the Bureaucratic Management is rapidly giving way to the Matrix structure. However, Classical Management Theories are still important because they had introduced the concepts of management for intellectual analysis and provided ideas which were further developed by the sub sequent management schools of thought. References Boddy, D. (2005), Management An Introduction. 3rd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Classic School Of Management, [online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/classical-school-of-management.html [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Cole, G.A. (2004). Management: Theory and Practice. 6th ed. London: Thomson Learning Management Evolution, [online] Available at: http://www.biz.colostate.edu [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Module: Fundamentals of Organisation. [online] Available at: http://lehren.org/foundations/fundamentals.htm [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Stoner, J.A.F., et al (1996). Management. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Is Beowulf an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative? Essay -- Epic of Beowu

Is Beowulf   an Heroic Elegy or an Epic Narrative?      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is considerable debate as to whether the poem Beowulf is an epic narrative poem or an heroic elegy. Which is it. This essay intends to present both sides of the story.    Some great literary scholars think that the poem is an heroic elegy, celebrating the fantastic achievements of its great hero, and also expressing sorrow or lamentation for the hero’s unfortunate death. In â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics† Tolkien states:      We must dismiss, of course, from mind the notion that Beowulf is a â€Å"narrative poem,† that it tells a tale or intends to tell a tale sequentially. The poem â€Å"lacks steady advance†: so Klaeber heads a critical section in his edition. But the poem was not meant to advance, steadily or unsteadily. It is essentially a balance, an opposition of ends and beginnings. In its simplest terms it is a contrasted description of two moments in a great life, rising and setting; an elaboration of the ancient and intensely moving contrast between youth and age, first achievement and final death (Tolkien 34).    Another literary scholar attacks the proposition that the poem is a narrative epic as many critics say: â€Å"For the structure of the poem is not sequential, but complemental; at the outset certain parts of a situation are displayed, and these are given coherence and significance by progressive addition of its other parts’ (Blomfield 60). These attacks on the epic-narrative theory regarding the poem Beowulf leave one with the only choice left – that the poem is an heroic elegy, a poem celebrating the achievements of its hero Beowulf, and at the same time a poem of lamentation and sorrow and mourning over the death of that great he... ...all, Inc., 1968.    Greenfield, Stanley B.. â€Å"The Finn Episode and its Parallet.† In Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.    Rebsamen, Frederick R.. in â€Å"Beowulf – A Personal Elegy.† Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975    Robinson, Fred C. â€Å"Apposed Word Meanings and Religious Perspectives.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Tolkien, J.R.R.. â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Wright, David. â€Å"The Digressions in Beowulf.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.      

Essay --

(a) Deadweight loss, or as termed in the question, ‘welfare loss’, is the loss of consumer and producer surplus as a result of inefficient market activity, including monopolistic competition. According to the Theory of the Firm, monopoly power includes a much higher barrier of entry, which further impedes competition by increasing the start-up cost, which essentially creates high product prices, compared to the firms, which hold the monopoly power of production, and have already established production. As a result there a loss of productive and allocate efficiency, thus encouraging welfare loss, by decreasing consumer surplus due to limited competition and subsequent monopoly powers, which enable profit-maximization at a small production output, creating a deadweight loss. (b) By using anti-monopoly legislation and price regulations, two different forms of government interventional policies that are utilized to offset the market inefficiency, and subsequent loss of welfare, which monopoly power encourages, governments are able to reduce monopoly power in a sector of economy. The diagram below compares monopolistic competition and perfect competition: As the diagram above illustrates, the monopolistic profit maximization lies at the average market cost, representing a large deadweight loss in the triangle formed by ATC, AR and Monopoly Output. To combat this, reducing welfare loss by increasing output and lowering prices, government intervention may prove an efficient method of solving the problem of monopoly. By legislating anti-monopolistic policies, for example lowering barriers of entry to encourage competition that was previously unsuccessful due to the monopoly-induced high barriers of entry. This would profit companie... ... directly allocates funds to purposes of increase economic development, then they unconsciously limit the growth, which the nation will experience, because the financial resources have been used for secondary purposes. This can be exemplified in several socialists economic measures, such as taxation, transfer payments, indirect taxes, excessive government expenditure, with which the government aims to improve equity and income equality, but at the cost of economic and financial growth. However, taxation and transfer payments, will reduce the utilization of scarce resources of human labour, in the sense that it might limit the individual incentive to work, when the state offers alternative ways of income. This is observed in countries with large taxations, where transfer payment represent a living for many citizens, again with reference to the Scandinavian countries.